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Three-family puzzle

High energy physics

Extending family symmetry by colour cancels a Standard Model global anomaly, linking three colours to favour three fermion generations.

Three families and Pontryagin class mod 3: topological order via symmetry extension

Draft (2026)

Z. Wan, J. Wang, S. Yau

Draft (2026)

Z. Wan, J. Wang, S. Yau